Academic writing

Gender bias perpetuation and mitigation in AI technologies: challenges and opportunities (O’Connor and Liu, 2023)
Explores how AI in public services can reinforce or mitigate gender bias. The paper questions claims of AI neutrality and highlights implications for policy and decision-making.

What ChatGPT Tells Us about Gender: A Cautionary Tale about Performativity and Gender Biases in AI (Gross, 2023)
Argues that large language models like ChatGPT reproduce outdated gender norms. While exposing these biases, the paper also considers AI’s potential to challenge them.

Shaping feminist artificial intelligence (Toupin, 2024)
Traces the history of feminist AI and proposes a typology of its meanings—spanning design, policy, culture, discourse, and science. Offers a framework for understanding how feminist perspectives shape AI.

Feminist AI: Critical Perspectives on Algorithms, Data, and Intelligent Machines (Browne et al., 2023)
This edited volume gathers feminist scholars to examine how AI technologies intersect with power and social justice. It critiques existing systems and calls for accountable AI design.

The Malicious Technical Ecosystem: Exposing Limitations in Technical Governance of AI-Generated Non-Consensual Intimate Images of Adults (Ding & Suresh, 2025)
Analyzes how easily accessible tools enable creation of AI-generated non-consensual intimate images (deepfake porn). Highlights governance gaps and flawed assumptions in current regulatory frameworks.

“Violation of my body:” Perceptions of AI-generated non-consensual (intimate) imagery (Brigham et al, 2024)
Survey of U.S. participants on deepfakes finds strong opposition to their creation and sharing, especially sexual content. Attitudes varied by gender, consent views, and relationship to the creator.

“Unwilling Avatars” revisited: A technical, legal, and social analysis of AI-generated nonconsensual intimate imagery (Rochman, 2025)
Examines the creation and impact of AI-generated NCII, detailing technical methods, social harms, and legal challenges. Highlights the difficulty of regulating such abuse at scale.

Deepfakes on Demand: The rise of accessible non-consensual deepfake image generators (Hawkins et al, 2025)
Documents the widespread availability of deepfake tools online, with over 35,000 models downloaded millions of times. Finds that most target women and enable NCII creation with minimal resources.

Deconstructing the Take It Down Act (Grimmelmann, 2025)
Reviews the first U.S. federal law targeting deepfake pornography. While offering protections, the Act risks misuse for political censorship and overreach.

Generative AI Misuse: A Taxonomy of Tactics and Insights from Real-World Data (Marchal et al, 2024)
Presents a taxonomy of GenAI misuse based on 200 real-world incidents. Identifies key tactics, motivations, and harms across text, image, audio, and video systems.

Feminist AI: Can We Expect Our AI Systems to Become Feminist? (Wellner & Rothman, 2020)
Examines gender bias in AI through feminist philosophy and post-phenomenology. Suggests solutions including transparency, bias-aware design, and human oversight.

Tech workers’ perspectives on ethical issues in AI development: Foregrounding feminist approaches (Browne et al, 2024)
Draws on tech workers’ experiences to reveal confusion around ‘bias’, weak links between DEI and AI ethics, and risks from outdated systems. Advocates feminist approaches to ethical AI.

Embracing change and supporting transitions: Approaches to systemic change in products, services and systems
Explores how design can support societal transitions in the face of uncertainty. Highlights collective, interdisciplinary approaches integrating AI and data analysis.

Ethical Data Curation for AI: An Approach based on Feminist Epistemology and Critical Theories of Race (Leavy et al, 2021)
Proposes a feminist framework for ethical AI data curation. Emphasizes inclusion, reflexivity, and critical evaluation of power embedded in datasets.

Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence: An Overview (Dunn, 2020)
Outlines the global scope of technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV), from online harassment to surveillance. Highlights disproportionate impacts on marginalised groups.

Defining and Measuring Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (Mirtskhulava, 2024)
Argues for clearer definitions of TFGBV to capture its full spectrum. Provides groundwork for more effective prevention and support strategies.

Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence: An Emerging Issue in Women, Peace and Security (Baekgaard, 2024)
Connects TFGBV to the Women, Peace and Security agenda. While digital tools empower women, online abuse and image-based violence pose escalating threats.

Mapping online Gender-Based Violence (Ed. Mariateresa Garrido V., 2022)
A global perspective on online violence, situating it within broader contexts of war, inequality, and digital weaponization. Examines how technology amplifies conflict-driven harms.

Socio-Economic Determinants of Gender-Based Violence [GBV]… (Daniel, 2023)
Analyses global GBV trends, with focus on technology-facilitated violence and adolescent birth rates. Links findings to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the United Nations, and proposes a multidisciplinary TFGBV disruptor model.

Deepfakes, Pornography and Consent (Benn, 2024)
Explores the ethical issues of ‘deepfake pornography’, emphasizing that creating sexual images requires distinct consent, separate from any consent needed for the acts depicted. Establishes that when a person’s likeness or photograph is used without consent—or where consent cannot be given, as with children—it constitutes a violation of autonomy, giving the individual a rightful claim against its production.